Environmental Study in Assessing the Water Quality of the Al-Gharraf River for Agricultural Purposes
Studi Lingkungan dalam Menilai Kualitas Air Sungai Al-Gharraf untuk Tujuan Pertanian
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(1) * Hasanain Ali Al-Kinani
Department of Pathological Analytics Science, College of Applied Medical Science, Shatrah University, Thi-Qar, 64001 , Iraq
Iraq
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
General Background: The Al-Gharraf River in Thi Qar Governorate, Iraq, is crucial for agricultural irrigation and livestock sustenance. Specific Background: However, the river's water is suspected of being polluted with physical and chemical contaminants, which may adversely affect soil properties, crop growth, and the health of livestock and poultry in the region. Knowledge Gap: Limited research exists on the extent of pollution in the Al-Gharraf River and its impact on agricultural and livestock practices. Aims: This study aims to assess the pollution levels of the river's water by evaluating key physical and chemical parameters, determining its suitability for agricultural purposes, and understanding the implications for livestock and poultry consumption. Results: The water quality, assessed using the American Salinity Laboratory classification, placed the river in the C3-S2 category, indicating third-degree salinity (very salty) and second-degree sodium (medium). Most physical and chemical measurements exceeded permissible limits for irrigation water, except for pH and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), which remained within acceptable bounds. The water, while within the premium class for low salt levels, posed significant risks to livestock and poultry due to high salinity and other pollutants. Novelty: The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the river's water quality, highlighting the critical need for regular monitoring and the implementation of modern irrigation practices to prevent further soil salinization. Implications: These findings emphasize the urgency of adopting sustainable water management strategies and raising awareness to prevent harmful discharges into the river, ensuring the long-term viability of agriculture and livestock in the region
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References
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[4]. N. A. Al-Ansari, "Management of Water Resources in Iraq: Perspectives and Prognoses," Engineering Journal, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 667-684, 2013.
[5]. H. S. H. Enayah, "Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Multiple Uses by Application of the Canadian Model in Thi Qar Governorate - Southern Iraq," M.Sc. thesis, College of Science, University of Thi Qar, Thi Qar, Iraq, 2017.
[6]. K. Fahad, "Ecological Survey for Southern Sector of Al-Garaf River, Southern Iraq," Ph.D. dissertation, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq, 2006.
[7]. S. H. E. Al-Helaly, "An Investigation of Some Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment and Some Biota of Al-Gharraf River, South of Iraq," M.Sc. thesis, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq, 2010.
[8]. A. N. Abdullah and H. N. Hussain, "Mandatory Variation of Shatt al-Gharaf Water Pollution in Thi-Qar Governorate," University of Thi-Qar Journal, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 127-140, 2012.
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[10]. S. H. Ewaid, "Water Quality Evaluation of Al-Gharraf River by Two Water Quality Indices," Applied Water Science, vol. 7, pp. 3759-3765, 2017.
[11]. A. A. M. Al-Awady, "Concentrations of Some Trace Metals in Water, Sediments and Two Cyprinidae Species in Al-Masab Alamm, Al-Nassiriya-Iraq," Ph.D. dissertation, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq, 2011.
[12]. A. T. Farhood, "Study of the Effect of Thermal Energy of Power Plant Effluents Upon the Concentration of Some Trace Elements in Water, Sediment, and Two Aquatic Plant Species in Euphrates River Near the Center of Al-Nassyria City-South Iraq," M.Sc. thesis, College of Science, University of Thi Qar, Thi Qar, Iraq, 2011.
[13]. H. A. Al-Kinany, "Qualitative Characteristics of Textile Factory Effluents and Its Impact on the Euphrates River at the Center of Nasiriyah City South of Iraq," M.Sc. thesis, College of Science, University of Thi Qar, Thi Qar, Iraq, 2015.
[14]. H. S. Saloom and I. A. M. Oleiwi, "Evaluation of Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) for Main Iraq Rivers (Tigris, Euphrates, Shatt Al-Arab and Diyala)," The Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 1010-1020, 2017.
[15]. S. S. Mohammed, "Using Some of Environmental Indices to Evaluate the Water Quality of Main Outfall Drain and Using Its Water as an Alternative Euphrates and Tigris and Euphrates River in the Nasiriyah City in Southern Iraq," M.Sc. thesis, College of Science, University of Thi Qar, Thi Qar, Iraq, 2018.
[16]. S. A. Turki, "Using Organic Pollution Index (OPI) to Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of the Euphrates River in Al-Nasiriyah City/South of Iraq," M.Sc. thesis, College of Science, University of Thi Qar, Thi Qar, Iraq, 2018.
[17]. R. F. Sabri, H. T. Alsaad, and T. Y. Farhan, "Study of Concentration of Some Trace Elements in the Euphrates River Water in Al-Muthanna Governorate, Iraq," Plant Archives, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 128-130, 2020.
[18]. A. M. A. Kannah and H. F. A. Shihab, "Heavy Metals Levels in the Water of the Tigris River in the City of Mosul, Iraq," Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 1007-1020, 2022.
[19]. H. A. Al-Kinani, "Investigation of Possible Pollution by Some Trace Elements and Some Environmental Factors in Water of the Euphrates River in Suq Al-Shioukh Southern Iraq," Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 12-23, 2024.
[20]. H. M. Shukri, W. G. Al-Kaisi, and A. H. Al-Hadithy, "Evaluation the Quality of the Wells Water in Al-Jadria District/Baghdad," Kufa Journal for Agricultural Sciences, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 127-146, 2012.
[21]. L. A. Richard, Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Handbook, no. 60, pp. 69-82, 1954.
[22]. A. M. Atiaa, "Modeling of Stage–Discharge Relationship for Gharraf River, Southern Iraq by Using Data Driven Techniques," Water Utility Journal, vol. 9, pp. 31-46, 2015.
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[29]. A. H. A. Al-Obeidi, "Study and Evaluate the Causes of the Euphrates River Water Salinization in Middle and Southern Iraq," M.Sc. thesis, College of Agricultural Science, University of Al-Muthanna, Iraq, 2017.
[30]. Y. Wang, G. Zhuong, Y. Sun, and Z. An, "Water Soluble Part of the Aerosol in the Dust Storm Season: Evidence of the Mixing Between Mineral and Pollution Aerosols," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 39, no. 37, pp. 7020-7029, 2005.
[31]. R. G. Wetzel, Limnology, 3rd ed., California, USA: Academic Press, 2001.
[32]. Z. M. A. Al-Kinani, "Primary Productivity and Biodiversity of Phytoplankton in Euphrates River at Al-Nasiriya City/Iraq South," M.Sc. thesis, College of Science, University of Thi Qar, Thi Qar, Iraq, 2011.
[33]. J. D. Hem, Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Washington, DC, USA: USGS Water Supply Paper, 1985.
[34]. G. A. Cole, Textbook of Limnology, 3rd ed., London, UK: The C.V. Mosby Co., 1983.
[35]. U.S. Department of Interior and Water Quality Association, Water Quality Bulletin, U.S. Department of Interior, 2011.
[36]. G. Johnson and H. Zhang, Classification of Irrigation Water Quality. F-2402, Oklahoma State University, Dept. of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets, 2007.
[37]. Y. I. I. Al-Saady, "Environmental Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Hor AL-Chekka Southern of Al Msharrah River within Missan Governorate," M.Sc. thesis, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq, 2008.
[38]. T. A. Bauder, R. M. Waskom, and J. G. Davis, Irrigation Water Quality Criteria, Crop Series Irrigation, no. 0.506, Colorado State University, 2007.
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Published
2024-08-23
How to Cite
[1]
H. A. Al-Kinani, “Environmental Study in Assessing the Water Quality of the Al-Gharraf River for Agricultural Purposes”, PELS, vol. 5, pp. 760-770, Aug. 2024.
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Agricultural Product Technology
Copyright (c) 2024 Hasanain Ali Al-Kinani
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